|
Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time; they include solar heating, photovoltaics, wind power, solar thermal power stations, and modern forms of bioenergy. Third-generation technologies require continued R&D efforts in order to make large contributions on a global scale and include advanced biomass gasification, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy.〔International Energy Agency (2007). (''Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA facts sheet'' (PDF) ) OECD, 34 pages.〕 As of 2012, renewable energy accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity installed and costs are continuing to fall.〔 Public policy and political leadership helps to "level the playing field" and drive the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies.〔Donald W. Aitken. (Transitioning to a Renewable Energy Future ), International Solar Energy Society, January 2010, p. 3.〕〔 Countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Spain have led the way in implementing innovative policies which has driven most of the growth over the past decade. As of 2014, Germany has a commitment to the "Energiewende" transition to a sustainable energy economy, and Denmark has a commitment to 100% renewable energy by 2050. There are now 144 countries with renewable energy policy targets. Total investment in renewable energy (including small hydro-electric projects) was $244 billion in 2012, down 12% from 2011 mainly due to dramatically lower solar prices and weakened US and EU markets.〔(Renewable Energy: World Invests $244 billion in 2012, Geographic Shift to Developing Countries )〕 As a share of total investment in power plants, wind and solar PV grew from 14% in 2000 to over 60% in 2012.〔(IEA WORLD ENERGY INVESTMENT OUTLOOK 2014, Figure 3.1 )〕 The top countries for investment in recent years were China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil.〔REN21 (2012). (Renewables Global Status Report 2012 ) p. 17.〕 Renewable energy companies include BrightSource Energy, First Solar, Gamesa, GE Energy, Goldwind, Sinovel, Trina Solar, Vestas and Yingli.〔Top of the list, ''Renewable Energy World'', 2 January 2006.〕〔Keith Johnson, (Wind Shear: GE Wins, Vestas Loses in Wind-Power Market Race ), ''Wall Street Journal'', 25 March 2009, accessed on 7 January 2010.〕 Climate change concerns〔International Energy Agency. (IEA urges governments to adopt effective policies based on key design principles to accelerate the exploitation of the large potential for renewable energy ) 29 September 2008.〕〔REN21 (2006). (''Changing climates: The Role of Renewable Energy in a Carbon-constrained World'' (PDF) ) p. 2.〕〔HM Treasury (2006). ''Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change''.〕 are driving increasing growth in the renewable energy industries.〔(New UN report points to power of renewable energy to mitigate carbon emissions ) ''UN News Centre'', 8 December 2007.〕〔Joel Makower, Ron Pernick and Clint Wilder (2008). (''Clean Energy Trends 2008 )'', Clean Edge, p. 2.〕〔United Nations Environment Programme and New Energy Finance Ltd. (2007). (''Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2007: Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in OECD and Developing Countries'' (PDF) ) p. 3.〕 According to a 2011 projection by the (IEA) International Energy Agency, solar power generators may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions. In his 2012 State of the Union address, President Barack Obama restated his commitment to renewable energy and mentioned the long-standing Interior Department commitment to permit 10,000 MW of renewable energy projects on public land in 2012. Globally, there are an estimated 3 million direct jobs in renewable energy industries, with about half of them in the biofuels industry.〔REN21 (2010). (Renewables 2010 Global Status Report ) p. 9 & 34.〕 == Overview == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「renewable energy commercialization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|